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Risk scores are statistical indicators based on prescribing patterns compared to specialty peers. They are NOT allegations of fraud, misconduct, or improper care. Many legitimate medical reasons can explain outlier prescribing.

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The Most Expensive Prescribers in Medicare Part D

Analysis · March 2026

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Not all prescribers cost the same. Among 1,380,665 Medicare Part D providers, a small number generate vastly disproportionate drug spending. But high cost doesn't necessarily mean bad practice — an oncologist prescribing life-saving cancer drugs will always cost more than a family doctor writing prescriptions for blood pressure medication. The question is: which high-cost prescribers are justified, and which warrant scrutiny?

$616.2M

Top 100 Total Cost

$6.2M

Avg Cost (Top 100)

22467

Avg Claims (Top 100)

67

Flagged for Risk

The Top 25 Most Expensive Prescribers

These are the providers who generated the most drug spending in Medicare Part D. The list reveals a mix of specialties, practice sizes, and geographic locations:

#ProviderSpecialtyLocationTotal CostClaims$/BeneRisk
1Armaghan AzadM.D.Emergency MedicineMoreno Valley, CA$160.3M666,251$326✓
2Cedric DavisM.DFamily PracticeLauderdale Lakes, FL$137.1M572,481$328✓
3John BogdasarianM.D.OtolaryngologyFitchburg, MA$68.7M264,840$329△
4Ruth MaysMDFamily PracticeHighland Park, MI$63.2M265,828$337✓
5Erin PettijohnM.D.Hematology-OncologyGrand Rapids, MI$13.5M3,242$40K△
6Stephen AnesiM.D.OphthalmologyWaltham, MA$8.6M3,722$16K△
7Joshua LukenbillD.O.Hematology-OncologyDes Moines, IA$6.9M2,266$20K⚠
8Tondre BuckM.D.Medical OncologySpartanburg, SC$6.8M1,317$33K⚠
9Erica KretchmanDOEndocrinologyRichmond, IN$5.5M7,620$4,528✓
10Muhammad PopalzaiHematology-OncologyCarterville, IL$5.4M1,460$22K⚠
11Fadi KayaliM.D.Hematology-OncologySarasota, FL$5.3M3,562$12K△
12Abdel Hai AlqwasmiM.DHematology-OncologyWest Bend, WI$4.9M2,741$13K⚠
13Muthu KumaranM.D.Medical OncologyLittle Rock, AR$4.0M845$28K△
14Valeriy SabodashM.D.NeurologySarasota, FL$3.8M4,717$5,174△
15Ankur JindalM.DEndocrinologyHuntsville, AL$3.7M6,299$4,798✓
16Stanley PencMD PHDNeurologyAlbany, NY$3.2M4,159$5,248△
17Kathleen WoschkolupMDNeurologyGreenville, SC$3.1M4,311$8,117△
18Marium IlahiMDEndocrinologyOmaha, NE$3.0M4,258$6,418✓
19William HallM.D.Pulmonary DiseaseRaleigh, NC$2.9M5,370$3,011✓
20Sam FereidouniM.D.Family PracticeScottsdale, AZ$2.8M8,528$3,589✓
21Michelle RushMSN, APRN, BCNurse PractitionerMemphis, TN$2.7M2,084$19K△
22Lisa HamakerM.D.EndocrinologyCollegeville, PA$2.7M2,752$9,113✓
23Delia StefanMDEndocrinologyFishkill, NY$2.6M3,671$6,378✓
24Yoojin PakM.D.EndocrinologyLisle, IL$2.5M4,752$4,351✓
25Neda HeidariMDNeurologyOxnard, CA$2.4M5,741$4,309⚠

Which Specialties Dominate?

The specialty distribution of top-cost prescribers tells an important story about where Medicare drug dollars actually flow:

Specialty# in Top 100Total CostAvg Cost/Provider
Endocrinology12$27.9M$2.3M
Family Practice11$212.2M$19.3M
Internal Medicine9$9.9M$1.1M
Hematology-Oncology8$40.3M$5.0M
Neurology8$18.8M$2.4M
Nurse Practitioner8$10.7M$1.3M
Cardiology7$7.8M$1.1M
Physician Assistant6$6.4M$1.1M
Pulmonary Disease4$6.8M$1.7M
Gastroenterology4$5.3M$1.3M
Ophthalmology3$10.6M$3.5M
Interventional Cardiology3$3.4M$1.1M
Rheumatology3$3.2M$1.1M
Medical Oncology2$10.8M$5.4M
Dermatology2$2.7M$1.4M

Justified vs. Questionable High Cost

Context matters enormously when evaluating prescriber cost. Some specialties should generate high drug costs:

✓ Expected High Cost

  • • Oncology — Cancer drugs routinely cost $10K-$50K/month
  • • Nephrology — Kidney disease drugs (EPO, immunosuppressants)
  • • Rheumatology — Biologics like Humira cost $5K-$7K/month
  • • Neurology — MS drugs, seizure medications
  • • Infectious Disease — HIV antiretrovirals, hepatitis C cures

⚠ Warrants Scrutiny

  • • Family Practice with costs above $50K
  • • Nurse Practitioners with very high per-beneficiary costs
  • • Dentists/Optometrists generating high drug costs
  • • Any provider with high costs AND high opioid rates
  • • Providers with extreme brand preference + high cost

Geographic Distribution

Where are the most expensive prescribers located? The state distribution of the top 100 reveals concentration in large population states, but some smaller states are overrepresented:

FL

11 providers

CA

7 providers

NY

7 providers

TX

7 providers

IL

6 providers

MA

5 providers

AL

5 providers

PA

5 providers

MI

4 providers

NC

4 providers

Cost Per Beneficiary: The Real Measure

Total cost alone is misleading. A provider seeing 500 patients who generates $80K in drug costs is different from one seeing 10 patients who generates the same. Cost per beneficiary normalizes for patient volume and reveals which providers are prescribing the most expensive drugs per person:

ProviderSpecialtyCost/BeneBenesTotal CostBrand %
Erin PettijohnHematology-Oncology$40K335$13.5M0%
Tondre BuckMedical Oncology$33K202$6.8M0%
Muthu KumaranMedical Oncology$28K143$4.0M0%
Misty ChiuNurse Practitioner$28K52$1.4M44.9%
Muhammad PopalzaiHematology-Oncology$22K242$5.4M27.9%
Joshua LukenbillHematology-Oncology$20K339$6.9M0%
Jami KinnucanGastroenterology$19K42$811K47.5%
Michelle RushNurse Practitioner$19K141$2.7M0%
Sara JonesNurse Practitioner$17K108$1.9M26.7%
Stephen AnesiOphthalmology$16K522$8.6M0%

The national average cost per beneficiary is roughly $1,250. Providers at 10x or more above this average are worth investigating — though specialty context is essential.

Risk Flags Among Top Prescribers

Of the top 100 most expensive prescribers, 67 have at least one risk flag in our scoring system. The flags found include:

Armaghan AzadEmergency Medicine · Moreno Valley, CA
$160.3Mhigh_brand
Cedric DavisFamily Practice · Lauderdale Lakes, FL
$137.1Mhigh_brand
John BogdasarianOtolaryngology · Fitchburg, MA
$68.7Mextreme_brand
Ruth MaysFamily Practice · Highland Park, MI
$63.2Mhigh_brand
Erin PettijohnHematology-Oncology · Grand Rapids, MI
$13.5Mextreme_cost
Stephen AnesiOphthalmology · Waltham, MA
$8.6Mextreme_cost
Joshua LukenbillHematology-Oncology · Des Moines, IA
$6.9Mhigh_la_opioid, extreme_cost, high_antipsych_elderly
Tondre BuckMedical Oncology · Spartanburg, SC
$6.8Mhigh_la_opioid, extreme_cost

The Brand Name Premium

Among the top 100 most expensive prescribers, the average brand-name prescription rate is 29.2% (vs. the national average of 13.4%). Some of the highest-cost providers prescribe brands at extraordinarily high rates:

John BogdasarianOtolaryngology
100% brand$68.7M
100% brand$1.7M
William WadePulmonary Disease
100% brand$1.7M
Emmanuel TavanPulmonary Disease
100% brand$1.4M
Mostafa TabassomiPulmonary Disease
100% brand$893K

What This Means for Medicare

The concentration of drug costs among a relatively small number of prescribers has important policy implications:

  • Targeted oversight — Monitoring the top 1% of prescribers by cost could capture a disproportionate share of wasteful spending
  • Specialty-adjusted benchmarks — Comparing prescribers to their peers within the same specialty is more meaningful than raw cost rankings
  • Biosimilar adoption — High-cost prescribers in oncology and rheumatology who aren't using available biosimilars represent a significant savings opportunity
  • Prior authorization — While burdensome, prior auth for the most expensive drugs can redirect spending when cheaper alternatives exist

📚 Data Sources & Methodology

Provider-level data is from CMS Medicare Part D Prescriber Public Use File (2023). Cost figures represent total drug costs attributed to each prescriber. Risk scores are calculated using our multi-factor model (see methodology). This analysis uses top-cost.json containing the highest-cost providers in our dataset.

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